In and out of cloud computing Literature review

In and out of cloud computing - Literature review Example In an attempt of trying to gain a competitive advantage, businesses are eagerly looking for innovative ways of maximizing profits, while cutting down costs. Their growth ambition is normally hindered by money saving pressure. They therefore try new methods and ideas, which they think can produce better results than what they tried yesterday. It is this innovative technologies growing acceptance that has made clod computing to be the IT’s biggest buzzword (Basset 1997, P.13). However, it is very important for any organization to fully understand what, how, why, and from whom ideas, before jumping into cloud computing. Providers of cloud computing are not the same and their services are different in range and quality, and hence, it is advisable that potential users do a thorough investigation into the nature of services they are bound to receive. According to Basset (1997, p.15), the main economic appeal of cloud computing is that it allows customers to only use what they need a nd only pay for what they use. These resources can easily be accessed at all times from the cloud, from any location, through the internet. It is also called ‘IT on demand’ or utility computing because you simply buy your required IT service, just like any other utility. It makes use of remote servers, which are housed in data centers that are highly secured for data management and storage. Therefore, organizations have no need of buying and looking after their in-house IT solutions. This review aims at assessing the extent to which cloud base computing can replace in-house. Literature Review Key Concepts of Cloud Computing Cloud computing can be seen as a pyramid of three sections. At the apex is cloud application. This is where applications are interacted and run through a web browser, re mote client or hosted desktop. Cloud application removes the install and run application need in the computer of the customer. This removes the need for support, ongoing operations, and software maintenance. Johnson (1998, p.107) asserts that the cloud platform is in the middle, and provides a service framework. It dynamically configures, and reconfigures servers according to the need to cope with decrease or increase in demand. The cloud infrastructure forms the pyramid’s foundation of IT infrastructure via virtualization. It includes, networks, servers and hardware appliances, which act as â€Å"web servers†, â€Å"cloud centers† or â€Å"farms†. Johnson (1998, p.108) concludes that interlinking these with others provides additional capacity and resilience. There are three types of cloud computing namely private, public and hybrid. The public cloud is also called the external cloud and describes cloud computing as often virtualized, dynamically provisioned, and scalable resources that re readily available in the internet, from a third party provider, who is normally off-site, for example ThinkGrid. Private cloud is also referred to as internal or corporate cloud, and denotes a computing architecture that provides a host of private services. It is used by many large companies, but negates many cloud computing benefits, because such companies will still need to buy set up and monitor their clouds. Hybrid cloud combines providers of internal and external resources, thus becoming enterprises’ most popular choice. There are many services that can be achieved via cloud computing by taking advantage e of

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Presentation Outline Essay While spending time thinking about the goal in my life, the only one answer coming up in my mind is to achieve success. But what exactly the word ‘success’ should be defined? Thinking considerably, there are at least two fundamental achievements in life that inspire people. One is to be rich, while another one is to be famous. Though these two words are somehow closely related if you think about the celebrities who are famous and rich at the same time, there are some others who only have high recognition but not rich, such as Mother Teresa who devoted her whole life doing charity for the poor. Therefore, the topic that I am really interested in is about whether to be rich or to be famous is the key word for success. Being famous does not necessary mean bring rich, and vice-versa. Both generally bring satisfaction if brought to one in a positive manner, or in a way he/she intended it to. Because being famous and being rich are both signs leading to success, which in most cases, is the human’s ultimate goal. Being just either rich or famous, other than being a positive thing, could produce highly negative and unwanted end results too. A huge percentage of people are famous as a result of all sorts of negativity, such as criminal acts and negative politics. At the same time, a good part of the world’s drug lords and terrorism-driven groups are fairly rich too. So when does being rich or famous become a good thing? Usually, a combination of being rich and famous, surprisingly, doesn’t do as much harm to coexisting peers, as the former would. Although criminals who fall under lists such as ‘FBI’s Most Wanted’, turn out to be rich and famous, regardless of how they got to where they are. But a bigger portion of the ‘rich and famous’ category are occupied by highly paid movie stars and sportsmen, neither of whom does much harm to the society. What I expect from contrasting their difference is that the readers will realize being famous is the sustainable way to achieve success rather than being rich. In other words, money cannot be used to buy the fame. Though being rich is another sign of success, without being famous, one can be forgotten easily. On the other hand, being famous is eternally recognized by people. Even if they died, the world still praise and remind of their accomplishments. By standing on this opinion, people will not just look forward to making money, but will try themselves on inventing new things, creating beautiful arts, and doing whatever they are interested to become well-known by others and then succeed in their lives. The key word to success should start from being famous and will prove that it is true by giving examples about people who were quite poor but famous and successful in their lives. The contrast presentation will be controlled differently in each slide depending on famous area of those people. As a result, this presentation is worthy to compose because it will be such a good lesson to teach everyone, including myself, to understand the regular basis of being successful in life. Trying to be famous is the first step to achieve sustainable success.

Comparing My Physique to the Stereotypical Masculine Image Essays

Comparing My Physique to the Stereotypical Masculine Image When comparing myself to most ideals of masculinity across American culture, I find some mild similarities to the stereotypical masculine image. The extreme images of bulging muscles, chiseled abs, and an expansive body presence lend some elements to my physique, but not very many. Although I do consider myself to be somewhat sportive, the general results of athletic activity don’t reap the usual results on my body. I find my strengths to be more intuitive than physical. I am an introvert, and gather much energy by spending time in solitude. This doesn’t allow much room to benefit from the usual athletic activity that tends to spawn the prototypical masculine figure. Ironically, while many of my male counterparts engage in brutish activities such as lifting weights and playing football, only half of them appear to come even close to possessing the perfect physical physique of American cultural masculinity. Cultural images lend the strengths of both men and women to aesthetic value in their bodies and appearances. Yet, I personally find little real value in aesthetic appearance in relation to a person’s social and moral status. As a Roman Catholic, I place many of my values in faith, and find that cultural ideals that place excessive value in image take away from true values in morals and principles. For this reason, while I do place some value in my aesthetic appearance, I do not place nearly as much as the rest of American culture appears to, yet I do place some. In terms of body physique, I find myself fortunate to maintain a moderate form of body regardless of diet. While my eating level fluctuates, my physique somehow remains consistent. I am 5’8†, weighi... ...ality is one of unity – neither ties into any extreme concern for their relations to the rest of American culture, and the way they reveal themselves reflects this. I do take pride in taking care of my body for health reasons, and for the most part, my care ends there. Any concerns I have for physical appearance are only temporary, and fade as soon as the occasion permits. My faith places value in my body as a temple of God, thus I find it in my best interest to keep it that way as opposed to a means of gaining social and cultural acceptance. I avoid body piercing, tattoos, muscle enhancement, and other means of altering my physique; I prefer to keep my body in its natural state. Even so, I am fortunate that I am able to keep my body at least somewhat in line with both cultural and religious standards. I am satisfied with my body, and would like to keep it this way.

Dentex Corporation Case Essay

The problems and issues mentioned in the case Dentex Corporation are: 1. Issue related to corporate social responsibility 2. Issue related to promotional deceiving 3. Issue related to equal opportunity in workplace 4. Issue related to employee responsibility 5. Issue related to bribery 1. Issue related to corporate social responsibility One of the major issues mentioned in the case is about corporate social responsibility. Dentex Corporation came up with the styling new line of car, Rento. It was considered as a rushed project, thus they skipped preliminary survey. The design was dominated by style different from the other Japanese and European cars, which lead to the placement of fuel tank behind the rear axle (Dentex Corporation, PDF document). The crush test results showed that Rento was less crush resistant and according to Harley Strop, an engineer involved in the crush test mentioned that Rento needed modification before launching (Dentex Corporation, PDF document). The Dentex’s Product Planning Committee and the Vice President, Rodford approved the design and launched it without any modification. According to moral minimum approach which states that businesses are obliged to maximize profit not by causing harm but it is not constrained by the duty  to prevent harm (Corporate social responsibility, Power Point Slides). Though Rodford was informed about the failed test and required modifications, he did not take any initiatives because he did not want to increase costs, as they were competing against the inexpensive European and Japanese cars. Their main target was to be cost effective and maximize profit and they are not causing any harm directly by launching this design. On the other hand, the moral responsibility includes causing harm, enabling harm, allowing harm, providing an opportunity for harm or failing to prevent harm (Corporate social responsibility, Power Point Slides). Here, launching this accident prone car is definitely providing an opportunity for the drivers to get harm, undertaking the modifications would prevent the risk of harm, but the company refused to do so. This is an example of ignorance by the company which resulted the death of Mrs. Ray and serious injury of Richard. Considering the utilitarian analysis the audience who will be affected are the customers, employees and management of the company, local community members and the company itself. The impact of this decision on the customers is very dangerous, they might be victims of accidents like Mrs. Ray and her son. The result is serious injury, trauma or death. In case of customers, their life is in risk. The local community members, who will be driving around the defaulted car might be victims of accidents too. Whereas the company itself will be impacted by losing reputation due to the unsafe car, they might lose profit because of lost sales and lastly they might lose money in lawsuits against the accidents. The employees and the management of the company might lose motivation to work in the company, because of the unethical act of the company by being responsible of launching a defaulted car. Due to the loss in sales and profit, the employees might get reduced benefits. The only pro avoiding modification of Rento from the utilitarian perspective is that the company will make short term profit. The cons can be the risk of customer death or injury, other community members being victim of accidents and in the long term the company will lose reputation and profit and loss of money due to lawsuit payments. The result of the utilitarian analysis states that this is wrong. Here the risk is losing life which has no substitute, whereas profits can be made later or through other  sources. Considering the rule utilitarian perspective, if all car companies adapted these unsafe measures people will no longer feel safe in buying cars and driving them along with their children. The deontological ethics states that there are things that we must do as a matter of principle regardless of consequences (Moral standards, PowerPoint Slides). Here the Vice President, Rodford had to act on the best interest of the company in making profit and surviving the competition against European and Japanese cars. Therefore he ignored the fact of putting people in risk of accidents. The positive right test assists the wellbeing of the company and its employee by making sales and profit. Whereas the negative right test overrides the wellbeing of the customers and the community members with the risk of death. Again since life is irreplaceable and profit can substituted by other means, the action of the company is wrong from the deontological view too. The policy that Dentex Corporation should follow is strict rules and regulation for the Product Planning Committee regarding product safety. There should be more awareness raised among the employees and management regarding the ethical responsibility towards the customers and society as a whole. 2. Issue related to promotional deceiving Another issue mentioned in the case is the deceptive advertising. Since the image of Rento was hampered because of the accidents, Dentex decided to develop a manipulative marketing strategy. Their strategy included targeting the young male crowd between the ages of 16 to 24, who can be influenced easily. The experimental researched and focus groups showed that this targeted group is the risk takers thus they created an ad saying â€Å"The Little Carefree Carâ€Å" (Dentex Corporation, PDF document). This is manipulation of individual’s decision through psychological appeal which exploits instincts, personal motivator, conformity, anxieties and low self-esteem to guide behaviour (Marketing-promotion and placement, Power Point Slides). Their strategy also included targeting older consumers who care about safety by  endorsing the Rento by authority figures. These ads included actors as mechanics and engineers to endorse the Rento by giving it a thumps up and trusting their children with the car ((Dentex Corporation, PDF document). This act is considered as deception of consumers because consumers tends to be convinced by the ad and buy the unsafe car that they would not have bought otherwise. The utilitarian analysis shows that the affected audience are the company employees and the customers. Through the manipulative advertising the employees will be able to reach their marketing and sales target that will be beneficial for the profitability of the company. Whereas the targeted customer who are manipulated spend their money on the Rento, they bear the risk of accidents and like Mrs. Ray and her son, they suffer from injury and death. The company is solely responsible for this kind of advertising and the consequences. The pros of this act will be the company sales and profit whereas the cons will be the risk of young crowd driving the accident prone car. Thus from the utilitarian perspective the deceiving promotional activities are wrong because of the harmful consequences. The consequence here is about human lives, as mentioned above they cannot be substituted whereas profits can be substituted. Autonomy is about making rational choice that is undue pressure and manipulation where the choice results from emotional insecurity and social pressure (Marketing-promotion and placement, Power Point Slides). According to the deontological ethics point of view the act violates autonomy by manipulating through psychological appeal. In case of the positive right test, the ads assist the company’s marketing department to reach its promotional goals and lead the company to more profit and sales. Whereas in the negative right test, the ads assist in interfering the freedom of choice through manipulation making them choose the car that is a threat to their lives. Thus due to the risk of life, the promotional deceiving is considered as wrong from deontological perspective. The management should be well aware of the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards those exist and manage the company accordingly to avoid lawsuits.  The standards that imply are Accuracy and Clarity, Testimonial and Ads to Minors (Marketing-promotion and placement, Power Point Slides) 3. Issue related to equal opportunity Diane Ross, an enthusiastic and hardworking employee of Dentex Corporation made her way up to the important management ranks. She was assigned for a management position of Rento in Mexico, where she had to work under James Carr (The Dentex Corporation, PDF document). The issue here is in front of the Mexican clients James addressed Diane as â€Å"cute little assistant† and â€Å"our lady manager†, whereas her responsibility was more than what was shown to them. As a result she was bypassed for important matters related to authority (The Dentex Corporation, PDF document). James’s reaction to this matter was that Mexican clients don’t understand women at authority thus he portrays her to be inferior in front of Mexican clients only. This violates her legal rights, which are rights that are granted to employees by law or judicial ruling (Employee Right, Power Point Slides). It infringes her right of equal opportunity because she is not able to maintain her responsibility and authority that she is entitled to as per her position. On a different perspective this is also violating her moral rights, which are the rights that originate in respect owned to employees as human beings and that are independent of any legal or contractual obligation (Employee Right, Power Point Slides). This infringes her right to fair treatment as an employee because she is just there to show the clients that there is a lady assistant, she is being treated inferiorly. Considering the utilitarian analysis, the audience of this action are Diane and other female employees of the company. Since Diane is unfairly treated, she will lose her motivation to work for the best interest of the company. She will be stressed during work since there is disturbance in role of authority. She will feel powerless and as a result she might lose self-respect. The consequence for the other female employees might be losing motivation since they are seeing Diane fail despite her ability and hard work. Therefore the pros of this action is James maintaining an image of  having a female employee in front of the Mexican clients and the cons is Diane losing motivation and getting worse at her work performance. As a result of the analysis this is considered wrong because it violates her moral rights and effects in deteriorating her ability. The deontological ethical perspective shows that the action violates Diane’s autonomy by interfering in her work. The negative right test assist in Diane losing her productivity and performance, thus proving the action to be wrong. The management of the company should be aware of the employee rights to avoid affirmative actions, which refers to policies that take positive steps to alleviate unequal treatment (Discriminations and harassment, Power Point Slides). The company should have information session for executives and management for ensuring fair treatment of employees. 4. Issue related to employee responsibility Harley Strop, the engineer in charge of the crush test figured that the prototypes do not pass the fuel system integrity safety. When prototypes were struck from behind at 20/mph, the vehicle could not resist that and there was a fuel spillage. At one test, the fuel came to the driver’s compartment due to lack of separation (The Dentex Corporation, PDF Document). Harley mentioned these problems in the test reports and mentioned about the modifications but still the Rento got approved by the Product Planning Committee. The broader stakeholder view states that employees has relationship and responsibilities towards other parties as well rather than only their employers. The other parties’ in this case is the society, coworkers, professional community and also mainly the customers (Employee responsibility, Power Point Slides). Harley being the engineer (gatekeeper), felt responsible for the defaulted car and informed the Vice President about this matter. As gatekeeper’s lack of expertise puts the public in vulnerable state, they have duty and responsibility to use their professional knowledge for the betterment of the public (Employee responsibility, Power Point Slides). In view of the utilitarian analysis, the affected audience are the employee (Harley), the customers, the society and the company. Here the engineer, Harley will be demotivated because his professional justifications are overlooked. His skills are being questioned, making him feel like his work is of no value to the company. Also considering his fiduciary duty to the customers, he might feel responsible for risks that the car owners are bearing, though he is powerless in front of the vice president. The customers on the other hand are bearing the risk of accidents affecting them with injury or death like Mrs. Ray and her son. The society as a whole will be losing trust on engineers and car manufacturers because they are not providing them with safety. Lastly the company will be hampering its image and reputation and might be losing customers. Therefore the pros of this action will be the short term sales and profit but the cons will be employee demotivation, might result in employee turnover and also threat of accident for the customers. As a result of the utilitarian analysis, the act of ignoring Harley’s observation is wrong because of the dangerous consequence. Here the risk is the safety of public, their life is in danger, which is irreplaceable compared to the company’s profit. According to the deontological analysis the vice president is maintaining his duty and obligation towards the company of maximizing profit, regardless of the consequences. On the other hand, the employee’s autonomy was violated because his accurate report was ignored and not valued. As per the deontological argument managerial employees have expertise on their specific field, such as the engineer which the employer lacks, such as the Vice President. Since the employer’s property depends on the employees, the employees have obligation to look after the interest of the employers (Employee responsibility, Power Point Slide). Therefore Harley was doing the right thing by letting the Vice President know about the flaws, because he is obliged to work for the best interest of the company, its image and performance. The management should have strict regulations for maintaining safety practise. The Product Planning committee should not be able to approve any project which does not meet the minimum safety requirements. Since  gatekeeper build the trust among the company and the customers, their values and judgements should not be overlooked by any under skilled third party. 5. Issue related to Bribery This issue is related to giving and receiving gift considered as â€Å"bribery†. The Rento line had a high demand in Mexico, thus dealers and franchises competed and used unfair means to do business. These gifts ranges from Mercedes Benz to Rolex watch and cash payments of thousand dollars. When Diane was faced with this problem, she was told that it was an accepted way of doing business in Mexico (The Dentex Corporation, PDF Documents). The utilitarian analysis shows that the affected audience are Diane, the Mexican dealers, the executive in Mexico and the company. Through this from of gifts the dealers get the benefit of being favored and do more business with the company resulting in gaining profit. The executives of the company are receiving expensive gifts and money which result in higher living standard and motivation for better performance. The company overall is meeting its objective of sales and profit. Whereas Diane is not being comfortable adapting the work culture in Mexico. She is being demotivated and performance is being worse. One of the pro of the gift giving culture is that the executives get motivation to work and their living standard improves. The business is gaining profit and the dealers are getting business. The only con is that Diane’s work performance is deteriorating due to lack of adaptation in the new work culture. As a result of the utilitarian analysis the bribery is causing good to the maximum number of people and just troubling Diane only, so this is not wrong. If Rule utilitarian view is considered, the consequence of adapting this culture in Mexico might hamper its future business because they are being biased to the dealers who provide gifts, rather than using fairs means of trade. The deontological ethical analysis show that receiving the gifts is not a duty or obligation for the executives. Also it is not overriding anyone’s autonomy. The positive right test assist in better living standard for the executives and also assist the Mexican dealers to do more business. The  negative right test only affects Diane’s performance. Therefore, from the deontological perspective this action is right. As per policy changes, the company should not relocated employees to locations with different work ethics. Here Diane should not have been sent to Mexico, since the work culture is different from America. As a result what she thinks is wrong might be right in Mexican work culture. The company should more focus on recruiting for management positions from local areas rather than overseas. Citations Petrenko. A. Corporate social responsibility [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Discrimination and Harassment [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Employee responsibility [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Employee rights [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Marketing (promotion and placement) [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. Moral Standards [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261 Petrenko. A. The Dentex Corporation [PDF Document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: https://moodle.yorku.ca/moodle/course/view.php?id=39261

How Does Stevenson Engage His Readers? Essay

In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson uses many ways of engaging his reader throughout the novel. He applies these methods in this way to keep the reader interested in the book. To start off with, Stevenson uses Narrative Methods. These methods add to the suspense and heighten the emotional impact. One use of narrative methods is the fact he tells the story from several perspectives. One chapter of the book is set out as a type of police report with the maidservant recalling what happened the night that Danvers was murdered. The way you can tell it is a report of some kind is because of the extra bits of information added – â€Å"(as the maid described it)† (page 47, line 2). This chapter, apart from giving you a different view of events, makes the readers realise that this man was an important figure in society and this story has gone from a mystery story (with the mystery being the nightmare Enfield had, the door and the strange man named Hyde) to a murder-mystery story as now there is a killer on the loose. This will give the story a frightening twist for the readers but the use of the language makes them keep reading particularly as it Hyde is revealed to be the killer in chapter 4. This twist gives the readers momentum to keep reading as they have already learnt that Hyde has no conscience really and has an inhuman side which can snap at any moment making him all the more dangerous but making the story all the more exciting – â€Å"And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on like a madman† (page 46-47). This helps as all of the Narrators (bar the maidservant) were all reliable figures in society and truthful characters who never dream of lying. Mr Utterson – â€Å"Mr Utterson the lawyer was a man of rugged countenance, that was never lighted by a smile† (Page 29 line 1), this explains he did not have a sense of humour and would not joke around but tell the story as it is. This will help keep the reader interested as if it was a story told by a tramp then the Victorians would never have believed it as they have no reason to be truthful whereas Utterson is a lawyer and was well respected so there’s every reason to trust him. Stevenson introduces him as a calm, gentle man, who just wants to lead a quiet life (making him all the more believable) – â€Å"He was austere with himself; drank gin when he was alone† (Page 29 line 9.) This sentence is very important as well as it tells the reader that he is very strict with himself and sets himself boundaries . What also attracts the reader’s attention is they think that the story has finished chronologically at the end of chapter 8. The Victorians didn’t like mystery stories finishing with loose ends not tied up, so he leads on to the two real documents by saying – â€Å"They trudged back to his office to read the two narratives in which this mystery was now to be explained†. This ends the chapter on a cliffhanger, therefore adding to the suspense and inviting the reader to get involved with the conclusion of the mystery. Stevenson made sure not to reveal that that Hyde was Jekyll until the end when the story was over, although he had left clues – Hyde’s and Jekyll’s writing was similar. Also in chapter 8 when they find that Hyde was wearing oversize clothes that looked suspiciously like Jekyll’s and he infact does pretend to be Jekyll. Chapters 9 and 10 give the story a sense of authenticity as they are â€Å"real† documents. In chapter 9 Utterson receives a letter that was meant for Lanyon from Jekyll. There is a sense of urgency about the letter – â€Å"I had already sealed this up when a fresh terror struck my mind† (Page 75 line 29). This shows he wasn’t thinking clearly and he was rushed, leaving the audience to think why? And therefore reading on. Chapter 10 is a full summary of the book. It ties up all the loose ends as it is a letter from Jekyll himself summarising all the events that have taken place. This particular chapter uses a lot of emotional sentences from Jekyll – â€Å"Under the strain of this continually impending doom and by the sleeplessness to which I now condemned myself† (Page 95 line 13-14) and also â€Å"A mist dispersed; i saw my life to be forfeit. This tells how Jekyll feels he has nowhere to go in life and feels despondent. He recalls all of Hyde’s action and how he â€Å"enjoyed the leaping pulses and secret pleasures† but how he knew admits Hyde was sadistic and mental – â€Å"No man morally sane could have been guilty of that crime†. This is because it was a stupid thing from Hyde’s point of view as know he is a wanted man and cannot roam the streets freely anymore – â€Å"To be tempted, however slightly, was to fail†. Jekyll starts to think suicide’s the only way to stop the maniacal Hyde – â€Å"and when I know he fears my power to cut him off by suicide† (Page 96 line 15-16), as he has â€Å"terrors of the scaffold†. The last page of the book is the most emotional and well-written page of the whole book as Jekyll writes â€Å"his wonderful selfishness† but also â€Å"ape-like spite†. There he turned some con about Hyde into a pro but also made a con seem more than a con. This will tell the reader how emotionally attached to Hyde, Jekyll really was and how this decision was probably the hardest he has had to make in his life. The last few lines Jekyll has made up his decision in the sense he has gone from contemplating suicide to being definite – â€Å"And indeed the doom that is closing on us both† (Page 96 line 6-7). Stevenson also makes you feel sorry for Jekyll – â€Å"I know how i shall sit shuddering and weeping in my chair, or continue with the most strained and fearstruck ecstasy of listening, to pace up and down this room (my last earthly refuge)† (Page 96 line 11-13). That quote makes you think it’s taking every bit of strength to make these decisions and to do the simplest tasks and by this stage the readers eyes are glued to the page. The ending is a cliffhanger, in the sense you do not know anyone else’s reactions to Jekyll’s confession. It ends – â€Å"Here, then as i lay down the pen, and proceed to seal up my confession, i bring to life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end†. That line tells you that he will kill himself but does not tell you how the others react which the readers will put the book down and think about it – in shock due to the confession but also thinking about it some more. My penultimate method is the setting that Stevenson used. He brought the â€Å"evil† immediately into the readers’ lives due to the fact he relates to London which was the most densely populated place in the UK. He also used middle class and well respected gentlemen which told the readers that not all people were perfect and not all the well off led boring lives. Stevenson uses winter as a month where â€Å"bad† things happen as both the murder of Danvers and the girl getting trampled was in Winter late at night. He uses to points of views – a characteristic and a psychological point of view. Characteristic – Mr Hyde’s resides in Soho which was a pocket of poverty and crime whereas Hyde lived in the West End (represents Hyde/Jekyll relationship) Also the respectable view of the entrance to Jekyll’s house to the back door which Hyde uses (represents two sides of the character) Psychological – The misty, dreary London seems to echo the unsettled mood of the characters and the dark mystery of the story – â€Å"The square when they got there was full of wind and dust, and the thin tress in the garden were lashing themselves along the railing† (Page 63 line 17-20). These settings help to set the scene and add the tension as they usually involve a â€Å"cold, windy night† which makes a chill run down the spine therefore wanting the reader to know more. My final method is the way Stevenson has used morals and the likes of the Victorian people in his favour. He has given us the moral – you can never trust appearances, as charming Dr. Henry Jekyll led this duel life with the bloodthirsty Mr Hyde. But also don’t let anything control you – â€Å"I am now finishing this statement under the influence of the last of my old powders†. He is reliant on a source which has driven him to suicide. It is also hypocritical as it’s saying â€Å"if we repress our dark side, it will become stronger†. This is true as Jekyll said of not changing to Hyde for two months – â€Å"But time began at last to obliterate the freshness of my alarm, I once again compound and swallowed the transforming draught†. Stevenson also included a lot more questions than there were answers. The Victorians enjoyed this as although the main loose ends tied up they had a feeling of authority as they got to decide some of the outcomes. As the Victorians found literature as a type of â€Å"escapism† where they could escape from their boring, old lives Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was the perfect novel which fitted all the criteria of a good, mystery/horror book that the Victorians could escape to and therefore engage them! In conclusion to the question, How Does Stevenson Engage His Readers, I think he engages them by using all these different methods – narrative, setting, and what the people in the era it was written liked. I think he engaged the Victorians though particularly on the latter as they had something to relate to e.g. Soho – a lot lower – middle class people lived round there who would buy this book and therefore read it to the end as it is of particular interest to them. This is the same for all of London though. For most people though this story kept them engaged by the excellent descriptions, the use of emotions and the suspense involved. Once a murder had taken place no one was ever going to put the book down!